https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2021-11/avnt-november-investor-meetings.pdf
WHAT WE DO: MATERIAL SCIENCE
CUSTOM
FORMULATION
We sell solutions not commodities.
Our exceptional polymer scientists and design engineers are integral to their
product development process.
34
We are a specialty formulator that enables many of the world’s products through innovation and custom
solutions.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2021-06/avient-ir-presentation-june-2021-w-non-gaap-recs_0.pdf
WHAT WE DO: MATERIAL SCIENCE
4
CUSTOM
FORMULATION
We sell solutions not commodities.
Our exceptional polymer scientists and design engineers are integral to their
product development process.
29
We are a specialty formulator that enables many of the world’s products through innovation and custom
solutions.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2025-03/2025 Proxy Statement.pdf
Our purpose at Avient is to be an innovator of materials solutions that help our
customers succeed, while enabling a sustainable world.
Jellison
Retired Vice President, Chief Financial Officer of Stryker Corporation
(“Stryker”), one of the world’s leading medical technology
(“Medtech”) companies.
Former Directorships:
• Univar Solutions Inc.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2020-08/colormatrix-reprize-brochure-8.5x11.pdf
Added to the feed throat and designed to increase the polymer chain length via reactive extrusion,
rePrize enables an increase in both the polymer intrinsic and melt viscosity.
FEATURE BENEFIT
• Liquid technology
• More accurate dose
control
• Less variation in melt flow
and product IV
• Can be coupled to an
on-line rheometer
• Shorter transition times
• Does not require
pre-drying
• Less dust
• Higher IV in melt phase
• Improved uniformity
when replacing virgin
PET in PCR sheet
• Eliminate/reduce solid
phase polymerization
(rPET)
• Increased use of post
consumer flake or
re-grind (Sheet)
• Reduced brittleness, less
breakages and scrap
• More consistent melt flow
• Reduced cost
• Higher productivity
• Cleaner working
environment
PROCESS HIGHLIGHTS
• Higher productivity
• Cleaner working environment
• New product designs and applications
• Improved shelf appeal
PET SHEET
• Increases final IV
• Less variation in product IV
• More consistent melt flow
• Increased use of flake or regrind
• Shorter transition times
• Reduced scrap
• Reduced dust
• Improved impact strength
• Improved low temperature
performance
• Improved aesthetics
Information and photographs supplied
by Sunwell Global Ltd
• Higher productivity
• Improved sustainability
• Lighter weight, higher strength
• Properties comparable to
PS packaging
• Recyclable
PET MONO/MULTI
LAYERED SHEET
XPET FOAM SHEET
ROUND DIE
• Improved melt flow consistency
• Improved IV consistency
• Increased recycle content
• Reduced rejects and scrap
• Increased product strength
• Improved low temperature
performance
• Increase final IV
• Increased use of regrind
• Impossible to start up
without it
• Faster product changeover
• Easier to cut
• Increased strength
• Lighter weight
• Good sealing
ColorMatrix™ rePrize is a PET compatible formulated liquid dispersion, designed to
increase the polymer chain length via reactive extrusion.
This results in an increase
in both the polymer intrinsic and melt viscosity. rePrize is suited to applications in:
• PET monolayer sheet
• PET multilayered sheet
• PET foamed sheet
rePrize can be used to optimise sheet manufacturing processes and product quality,
whilst allowing for increased levels of recycle, contributing towards improved
sustainability and reduced costs
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
GLOBAL REGULATORY APPROVALS
PRODUCT FDA EU GB MERCOSUR
rePrize • • • •
1.844.4AVIENT
www.avient.com
Copyright © 2020, Avient Corporation.
https://www.avient.com/investor-center/news/avient-announces-second-quarter-2020-results
CLEVELAND, July 22, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Avient Corporation (NYSE: AVNT), a leading provider of specialized and sustainable material solutions, today reported its second quarter results for 2020.
Avient Corporation (NYSE: AVNT), with 2019 pro forma revenues of $4.0 billion, provides specialized and sustainable material solutions that transform customer challenges into opportunities, bringing new products to life for a better world.
Light-weighting solutions that replace heavier traditional materials like metal, glass and wood, which can improve fuel efficiency in all modes of transportation
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2020-09/lubrione-processing-guide.pdf
BASE
RESIN PPA PC PSU PES PPS
CO-
POLYMER
ACETAL
PEEK PA
Barrel Temperatures* °F (°C)
Rear Zone 550–580
(288–305)
520–560
(271–293)
600–640
(316–338)
630–660
(332–338)
550–580
(288–304)
350–370
(177–188)
660–700
(349–371)
440–490
(227–254)
Center Zone 560–600
(293–316)
530–570
(277–299)
620–670
(327–354)
650–680
(343–360)
560–615
(293–324)
380–390
(193–200)
700–730
(371–388)
470–510
(243–266)
Front Zone 580–620
(304–327)
550–580
(288–305)
630–680
(332–360)
670–730
(354–388)
590–630
(310–332)
390–430
(200–221)
720–750
(382–400)
490–540
(254–282)
Nozzle 575–615
(302–324)
550–600
(288–316)
630–680
(332–360)
680–700
(360–371)
600–625
(316–330)
380–415
(193–213)
720–750
(382–400)
520–570
(271–300)
Melt
Temperature
575–615
(302–324)
560–600
(293–316)
625–675
(330–358)
650–710
(343–377)
600–625
(316–330)
370–410
(188–210)
670–740
(354–393)
520–570
(271–300)
Mold
Temperature
250–300
(121–150)
175–240
(80–116)
190–300
(88–150)
225–325
(107–164)
250–325
(121–164)
150–225
(66–107)
290–375
(143–190)
150–200
(66–93)
Pack & Hold
Pressure
50%–75%
of Injection Pressure
Injection
Velocity
in/s
1.0–3.0
Back Pressure
psi 50
Screw Speed
rpm 50–90
Drying
Parameters
°F (°C)
6 hrs @ 175
(80)
4 hrs @ 250
(121)
4 hrs @ 275
(135)
4 hrs @ 300
(150)
4 hrs @ 250
(121)
2 hrs @ 200
(93)
3 hrs @ 300
(150)
4 hrs @ 180
(82)
Allowable
Moisture
%
< 0.05 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.04 < 0.02 0.15–0.20 < 0.02 0.10–0.20
Cushion
in 0.125–0.250
Screw
Compression
Ratio
2.5:1–3.5:1 2.0:1–2.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1
Nozzle
Type
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
Reverse
Taper
Clamp
Pressure 5–6 Tons/in2 of projected area of cavities and runner system
* Barrel temperatures should be elevated for compounds designed for electrical insulative properties.
PROBLEM CAUSE SOLUTION
Incomplete Fill Melt and/or mold
temperature too cold
Shot Size
• Increase nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Increase mold temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Increase pack and hold pressure
• Increase nozzle tip diameter
• Check thermocouples and heater bands
• Enlarge or widen vents and increase number of vents
• Check that vents are unplugged
• Check that gates are unplugged
• Enlarge gates and/or runners
• Perform short shots to determine fill pattern and verify
proper vent location
• Increase wall thickness to move gas trap to parting line
• Increase cushion
Brittleness Melt temperature too low
Degraded/Overheated material
Gate location and/or size
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Measure melt temperature with pyrometer
• Decrease melt temperature
• Decrease back pressure
• Use smaller barrel/excessive residence time
• Relocate gate to nonstress area
• Increase gate size to allow higher flow speed and
lower molded-in stress
Fibers on Surface
(Splay)
Melt temperature too low
Insufficient packing
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase mold temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Increase pack and hold pressure, and time
Sink Marks Part geometry too thick
Melt temperature too hot
Insufficient material volume
• Reduce wall thickness
• Reduce rib thickness
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Increase shot size
• Increase injection rate
• Increase packing pressure
Flash Injection pressure too high
Excess material volume
Melt and/or mold
temperature too hot
• Decrease injection pressure
• Increase clamp pressure
• Decrease injection speed
• Increase transfer position
• Decrease pack pressure
• Decrease shot size
• Decrease injection speed
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
• Decrease screw speed
TROUBLESHOOTING RECOMMENDATIONS
PROBLEM CAUSE SOLUTION
Excessive Shrink Too much orientation • Increase packing time and pressure
• Increase hold pressure
• Decrease melt temperature
• Decrease mold temperature
• Decrease injection speed
• Decrease screw rpm
• Increase venting
• Increase cooling time
Not Enough Shrink Too little orientation • Decrease packing pressure and time
• Decrease hold pressure
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase mold temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Increase screw rpm
• Decrease cooling time
Burning Melt and/or mold
temperature too hot
Mold design
Moisture
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
• Clean, widen and increase number of vents
• Increase gate size or number of gates
• Verify material is dried at proper conditions
Nozzle Drool Nozzle temperature too hot • Decrease nozzle temperature
• Decrease back pressure
• Increase screw decompression
• Verify material has been dried at proper conditions
Weld Lines Melt front temperatures
too low
• Increase pack and hold pressure
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase vent width and locations
• Increase injection speed
• Decrease injection speed
• Increase gate size
• Perform short shots to determine fill pattern and verify
proper vent location
• Add vents and/or false ejector pin
• Move gate location
Warp Excessive orientation
• Increase cooling time
• Increase melt temperature
• Decrease injection pressure and injection speed
• Increase number of gates
Sticking in Mold Cavities are overpacked
Part is too hot
• Decrease injection speed and pressure
• Decrease pack and hold pressure
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
• Increase cooling time
• Increase draft angle
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
TROUBLESHOOTING RECOMMENDATIONS
Note: These are general processing conditions.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2020-09/edgetek-processing-guide.pdf
Base Resin PPA PC PSU PES PPS
Co-
polymer
Acetal
PEEK PA
Barrel Temperatures* °F (°C)
Rear Zone 550–580
(288–305)
550–590
(288–310)
600–640
(316–338)
630–660
(332–338)
550–580
(288–304)
350–370
(177–188)
660–700
(349–371)
440–490
(227–254)
Center Zone 560–600
(293–316)
570–600
(300–316)
620–670
(327–354)
650–680
(343–360)
560–615
(293–324)
380–390
(193–200)
700–730
(371–388)
470–510
(243–266)
Front Zone 580–620
(304–327)
580–630
(304–322)
630–680
(332–360)
670–730
(354–388)
590–630
(310–332)
390–430
(200–221)
720–750
(382–400)
490–540
(254–282)
Nozzle 575–615
(302–324)
580–630
(304–322)
630–680
(332–360)
680–700
(360–371)
600–625
(316–330)
380–415
(193–213)
720–750
(382–400)
520–570
(271–300)
Melt
Temperature
575–615
(302–324)
580–625
(304–330)
625–675
(330–358)
650–710
(343–377)
600–625
(316–330)
370–410
(188–210)
670–740
(354–393)
520–570
(271–300)
Mold
Temperature
250–300
(121–150)
175–240
(80–116)
190–300
(88–150)
225–325
(107–164)
250–325
(121–164)
190–250
(88–121)
290–375
(143–190)
150–200
(66–93)
Pack & Hold
Pressure
50%–75%
of Injection Pressure
Injection
Velocity
in/s
1.0–3.0
Back Pressure
psi 50
Screw Speed
rpm 50–90
Drying
Parameters
°F (°C)
6 hrs @ 175
(80)
4 hrs @ 250
(121)
4 hrs @ 275
(135)
4 hrs @ 250
(121)
3 hrs @ 300
(150)
2 hrs @ 200
(93)
3 hrs @ 275
(135)
4 hrs @ 180
(82)
Cushion
in 0.125–0.250
Screw
Compression
Ratio
2.5:1–3.5:1 2.0:1–2.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1 2.5:1–3.5:1
Nozzle
Type
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
Reverse
Taper
Clamp
Pressure 5–6 Tons/in2 of projected area of cavities and runner system
* Barrel temperatures should be elevated for compounds designed for electrical insulative properties.
PROBLEM CAUSE SOLUTION
Excessive Shrink Too much orientation • Increase packing time and pressure
• Increase hold pressure
• Decrease melt temperature
• Decrease mold temperature
• Decrease injection speed
• Decrease screw rpm
• Increase venting
• Increase cooling time
Not Enough Shrink Too little orientation • Decrease packing pressure and time
• Decrease hold pressure
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase mold temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Increase screw rpm
• Decrease cooling time
Burning Melt and/or mold
temperature too hot
Mold design
Moisture
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
• Clean, widen and increase number of vents
• Increase gate size or number of gates
• Verify material is dried at proper conditions
Nozzle Drool Nozzle temperature too hot • Decrease nozzle temperature
• Decrease back pressure
• Increase screw decompression
• Verify material has been dried at proper conditions
Weld Lines Melt front temperatures
too low
• Increase pack and hold pressure
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase vent width and locations
• Increase injection speed
• Decrease injection speed
• Increase gate size
• Perform short shots to determine fill pattern and verify
proper vent location
• Add vents and/or false ejector pin
• Move gate location
Warp Excessive orientation
• Increase cooling time
• Increase melt temperature
• Decrease injection pressure and injection speed
• Increase number of gates
Sticking in Mold Cavities are overpacked
Part is too hot
• Decrease injection speed and pressure
• Decrease pack and hold pressure
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
• Increase cooling time
• Increase draft angle
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
TROUBLESHOOTING RECOMMENDATIONS
PROBLEM CAUSE SOLUTION
Incomplete Fill Melt and/or mold
temperature too cold
Shot Size
• Increase nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Increase mold temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Increase pack and hold pressure
• Increase nozzle tip diameter
• Check thermocouples and heater bands
• Enlarge or widen vents and increase number of vents
• Check that vents are unplugged
• Check that gates are unplugged
• Enlarge gates and/or runners
• Perform short shots to determine fill pattern and verify
proper vent location
• Increase wall thickness to move gas trap
to parting line
• Increase cushion
Brittleness Melt temperature too low
Degraded/Overheated material
Gate location and/or size
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Measure melt temperature with pyrometer
• Decrease melt temperature
• Decrease back pressure
• Use smaller barrel/excessive residence time
• Relocate gate to nonstress area
• Increase gate size to allow higher flow speed and lower
molded-in stress
Fibers on Surface
(Splay)
Melt temperature too low
Insufficient packing
• Increase melt temperature
• Increase mold temperature
• Increase injection speed
• Increase pack and hold pressure, and time
Sink Marks Part geometry too thick
Melt temperature too hot
Insufficient material volume
• Reduce wall thickness
• Reduce rib thickness
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Increase shot size
• Increase injection rate
• Increase packing pressure
Flash Injection pressure too high
Excess material volume
Melt and/or mold
temperature too hot
• Decrease injection pressure
• Increase clamp pressure
• Decrease injection speed
• Increase transfer position
• Decrease pack pressure
• Decrease shot size
• Decrease injection speed
• Decrease nozzle and barrel temperatures
• Decrease mold temperature
• Decrease screw speed
TROUBLESHOOTING RECOMMENDATIONS
www.avient.com
Copyright © 2020, Avient Corporation.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2021-07/avnt-q2-2021-earnings-release.pdf
I’m very pleased with our results as second quarter sales and adjusted EPS reached all-time
highs driven by our portfolio of sustainable solutions and continued strong demand conditions,”
said Robert M.
Magna
represents another addition to our growing portfolio of sustainable solutions, as brand owners
seek eco-conscious materials for their customers,” Mr.
Sustainability Report and Upcoming Investor Day
“We plan to host an investor day in New York City on December 9 to highlight our sustainable
solutions portfolio, Clariant Masterbatch integration synergies and future growth plans.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2022-08/Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance _ESCR_ Design Guide %281%29.pdf
ESC is defined as the premature embrittlement
and crack propagation of a polymer part.
Ideally, all polymer
contacting edges should be round or radiused.
Sharp edges on an insert can create sharp edges
on the polymer that result in a stress riser.
https://www.avient.com/sites/default/files/2023-05/AVNT Q1 2023 Earnings Presentation.pdf
GUIDANCE
7
14.8%
15.8%
Adjusted EBITDA Margin %
Better-than-expected margins
driven by:
• Resilient demand for
composites and sustainable
solutions which improved
mix of higher margin
applications
• Deceleration of raw material
inflation
• Cost reduction activities
Q1 EBITDA BRIDGE
8
$ millions
CAI:
Price / Mix 19)
Inflation (4)
SEM:
Price / Mix 6)
Inflation (4)
Net Price Benefit 17)
Wage and Energy Inflation (13)
Cost Reductions 8)
FX (6)
Q1 2023 Actual $134)
Adjusted
EBITDA
Q1 2022 Pro Forma $ 176)
Demand (48) • Weak demand
conditions in-line
with previous
expectations
• Pricing continues to
cover inflation of raw
materials, wages
and energy
U.S. & Canada
40%
38%
17%
Q1 2023 SEGMENT, END MARKET AND GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY REVENUESEGMENT FINANCIALS
18%
23%
Building and
6%Telecommunications
END MARKET REVENUE
(1) Total company sales and adjusted EBITDA of $846M and $134M, respectively, include intercompany sales eliminations and corporate costs
$537M $91M
$310M $64M
Sales EBITDA
Specialty Engineered Materials
Color Additives and Inks
$134M$846M
(1)
9
Q1 2023 SALES BY REGION
Yo Y C H A N G E ( E X C L .
National Defense
budget of $842 billion submitted to Congress
in Q1 2023
• European NATO members annual defense
spend expected to increase by up to 20%
Dyneema® is the world’s strongest fiber™
One of the highest strength to weight
ratios of any material on Earth
Direct relationships with industry leading
armor manufacturers
Resistant to most chemicals, UV, and
moisture to handle any environment
Avient Confidential 13
DEFENSE
Source: US Department of Defense, defense.gov, NATO13
Source:
TRANSPORTATION
• Increased EPA regulations requiring
improved fuel efficiency, enabled in part by
lower-weight vehicles
• Automakers preparing for 2/3 of U.S.
vehicles to be 100% electric by 2032
Lightweight panels that establish both
strength and stiffness resulting in
decreased energy usage, lower emissions
Long-lasting Color applications to resist
UV exposure, temperature fluctuations
and exceed the stylistic requirements of
global automakers
14
$130
$530
$0.60
$2.40
2023 GUIDANCE
15
Sales Adjusted EBITDA
$845
$3,400
Adjusted EPS
(in millions) (in millions)
CASH FLOW / LEVERAGE
16
• Maintaining free cash flow
and leverage guidance from
February earnings call
• IT investment to further
integrate acquired
businesses and capture
operational efficiencies
• Restructuring actions to
streamline operations and
improve profitability,
primarily in Europe
($ millions) 2023E
Cash Flow from Operating Activities 350$
Less:
Run-Rate CapEx (110)
CapEx for IT System Upgrade (25)
CapEx for Restructuring (15)
Total CapEx (150)
Free Cash Flow 200$
Adjusted EBITDA 530$
Net Debt / Adjusted EBITDA 2.9x
LONG-TERM REVENUE GROWTH DRIVERS
Growth Drivers
Long-Term
Growth Rate
Sustainable Solutions 8–12%
Healthcare 8–10%
Composites 10%
Asia / LATAM 5%
Other (GDP growth) 2–3%
Avient 6.5%
17
Sustainable
Solutions
32%
Asia / LATAM
Composites
Other (GDP
Growth)
39%
• Virtual presentation to be held
September 20, 2023
• The company will be
conducting an investor-focused
presentation around our
sustainability solutions portfolio
Avient Confidential 18
SUSTAINABILITY
INVESTOR DAY
18
$340M
$405M
$455M
$550M
$790M
$915M
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020PF** 2021 2022PF***
SUSTAINABILITY FOR A BETTER TOMORROW
Revenue From Sustainable Solutions* 2016-2022
($ in millions)
Organic Future Growth Revenue Assumptions From Sustainable Solutions: 8 - 12%
19
*Avient Sustainable Solutions definitions aligned with FTC 2012 Guide for the Use of Environmental Marketing Claims (“Green Guides”)
**2020 is Pro Forma to include full year of the Clariant Color business
***2022 is Pro Forma for the acquisition of Avient Protective Materials and the divestiture of Distribution
$1,175M
Lightweighting
Eco-Conscious
Recycle Solutions
VOC Reduction
Sustainable Infrastructure
Human Health & Safety
Reduced Energy Use
Bio-polymers
SUSTAINABILITY NEEDS BY MARKET
B&C
• Eco-Conscious
• Carbon footprint
• Resource
conservation
• Carbon footprint
• Bio based content
• Eco-Conscious
Automotive
• Light weighting
• Recycled Content
• VOC reduction
• Recycle Solutions
• Carbon Footprint
Packaging
• Recycle Solutions
• Food waste
reduction
Common Theme: CO2 Emission Goals
Increasing Single-Use Plastic Regulation
20
INVESTING
IN INNOVATION
S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y P O R T F O L I O
21
AP P EN D IX
24
RAW MATERIAL 2022 ANNUAL PURCHASES
Performance
Additives
Pigments
12%
TiO2
Dyestuffs
2%
Polyethylene
Nylon
Polypropylene
Styrenic Block
Copolymer
Other Raw
Materials
33%
~40% hydrocarbon based
(Grey shaded materials are hydrocarbon based,
includes portion of “Other Raw Materials”)
Non-hydrocarbon
based materials
• Cost inflation
decelerating,
particularly for
hydrocarbon-based
raw materials
2022 pro forma results for the acquisition of Avient Protective Materials
SEGMENT DATA
U.S. & Canada
40%
37%
18%
2022 PRO FORMA SEGMENT, END MARKET AND GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY REVENUESEGMENT FINANCIALS
24%
Building and
END MARKET REVENUE
$2,355M $402M
$1,300M $272M
Sales EBITDA
Specialty Engineered Materials
Color Additives and Inks
$592M$3,653M
(1)
9%
26
(1) Total company sales and adjusted EBITDA of $3,653M and $592M, respectively, include intercompany sales eliminations and corporate costs
C O L O R , A D D I T I V E S & I N K S
2022 REVENUE | $2 .4 B ILL ION
34%
38%
END MARKET REGION
27
34%
21%
Building &
1% Energy
2%
S P E C I A LT Y E N G I N E E R E D M AT E R I A L S
2022 PRO FORMA REVENUE | $1 .3 B ILL ION
END MARKET
52%
35%
REGION
28
19%
8%Industrial
9% Defense
Building &
32%
27%
14%
Building &
3%
1% Defense
1%
(18% of sales)
9%
2022 PROFORMA AVIENT REGIONAL SALES
BY END MARKET
27%
14%
17%
Building &
(37% of sales)Transportation
24%
12%
Building &
US &
Canada
(40% of sales)
56%
23%
Building &
1%
LATAM
(5% of sales)
3%
29
PEER COMPARISONS
AVIENT IS ASSET LIGHT
Capex / Revenue
2023E (%)
Avient Specialty
Other Specialty /
Note: Avient reflects 2023 estimated revenue of $3,400 and estimated run-rate CAPEX of $110M.
31
4 4
5 5 5
6
7
9
FREE CASH FLOW CONVERSION
Note: Free cash flow conversion calculated as (Adjusted EBITDA – Capex) / Adjusted EBITDA.